A systematic map of human-carnivore coexistence

Carnivore populations globally have largely declined, and coexistence, where humans carnivores share landscapes, plays a crucial role in carnivore conservation. However, the term “coexistence” is often used scientific popular literature without being clearly defined. Herein, we provide global perspective on what coexistence how it studied. We conducted systematic map of 366 articles published between 1987 2020 to characterize human-carnivore according definitions, temporal trends, geographic taxonomic focus, four thematic aspects coexistence: ecology, human endeavors, social conflict conflict. chi-squared tests generalized linear models describe thematic, focus literature. The increased exponentially past 30 years, but few defined those that did inconsistent definitions. Thematically, research showed less emphasis conflict, even though major driver regarding carnivores. also focused primarily larger carnivores, rather than endangered was led by European North American authors. offer simplified, formal definition incorporates encountered literature: Co-occurrence sustainable endeavors with minimal human-human encourage researchers dimensions such as attitudes towards or underlying causes broaden cultural breadth their projects.